Iranian Journal of Mechanical Engineering Transactions of ISME

Iranian Journal of Mechanical Engineering Transactions of ISME

Increasing Relationship between Water, Energy and Environment in a Solar Farm to Produce Fresh Water

Authors
1 PhD Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
Abstract
This paper develops the concept of reducing environmental impact for the reverse osmosis (RO) system to increase the relationship between water, energy and environment in a solar farm. This concept is used in a RO system driven by an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) that generates power based on heat absorption from a solar field. In the power generation section, a new ORC and operating fluid configurations based on energy analysis (1E), exergy (2E), economic (3E) and environmental effects (4E) have been investigated in order to production of  fresh water. The basic parameters in the optimization are: the ORC configuration choice, selecting the working fluid of the organic Rankine cycle and determining the design parameters of a solar parabolic farm. These values have been determined according to the optimization of the system by genetic algorithm (GA) method. The results show that 12% reduction in environmental effects and 7.5% increase in the exergy efficiency are among the three-objective optimization effects.
Keywords

Subjects


[1] M. Li, "Optimization of Multi-stage Hybrid RO-PRO Membrane Processes at the Water–energy Nexus," Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 137, pp. 1-9, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.06.042.
 
[2] A. A. Shayesteh, O. Koohshekan, A. Ghasemi, M. Nemati, and H. Mokhtari, "Determination of the ORC-RO System Optimum Parameters based on 4E Analysis; Water–Energy-Environment Nexus," Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 183, pp. 772-790, 2019/03/01/ 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.119.
 
[3] M. W. Shahzad, M. Burhan, L. Ang, and K. C. Ng, "Energy-water-environment Nexus Underpinning Future Desalination Sustainability," Desalination, Vol. 413, pp. 52-64, 2017/07/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.03.009.
[4] E. Jones, M. Qadir, M. T. H. van Vliet, V. Smakhtin, and S. m. Kang, "The State of Desalination and Brine Production: A global Outlook," Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 657, pp. 1343-1356, 2019/03/20/ 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.076.
 
[5] S. Burn et al., "Desalination Techniques — A review of the Opportunities for Desalination in Agriculture," Desalination, Vol. 364, pp. 2-16, 2015/05/15/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.041.
 
[6] S. Lattemann, M. D. Kennedy, J. C. Schippers, and G. Amy, "Chapter 2 Global Desalination Situation," In Sustainability Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, I. C. Escobar and A. I. Schäfer Eds.: Elsevier, 2010, pp. 7-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1871-2711(09)00202-5.
 
[7] S. Lattemann, M. D. Kennedy, J. C. Schippers, and G. Amy, "Chapter 2 Global Desalination Situation," In Sustainability Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, I. C. Escobar and A. I. Schäfer Eds.: Elsevier, 2010, pp. 7-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1871-2711(09)00202-5.
 
[8] A. Naminezhad and M. Mehregan, "Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Hybrid System Integrating Solar-driven Organic Rankine Cycle, Multi-effect Eistillation, and  Reverse Osmosis Desalination Systems," Renewable Energy, Vol. 185, pp. 888-903, 2022/02/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.076.
 
[9] N. Voutchkov, "Energy Use for Membrane Seawater Desalination – Current Status and Trends," Desalination, Vol. 431, pp. 2-14, 2018/04/01/ 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.033.
 
[10] S. M. Shalaby, "Reverse Osmosis Desalination Powered by Photovoltaic and Solar Rankine Cycle Power Systems: A Review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 73, pp. 789-797, 2017/06/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.170.
 
[11] F. E. Ahmed, R. Hashaikeh, and N. Hilal, "Solar Powered Desalination – Technology, Energy and Future Outlook," Desalination, Vol. 453, pp. 54-76, 2019/03/01/ 2019, doi:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.12.002.
 
[12] J. H. Reif and W. Alhalabi, "Solar-thermal Powered Desalination: Its Significant Challenges and Potential," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 48, pp. 152-165, 2015/08/01/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.065.
 
[13] A. Pugsley, A. Zacharopoulos, J. D. Mondol, and M. Smyth, "Global Applicability of Solar Desalination," Renewable Energy, Vol. 88, pp. 200-219, 2016/04/01/ 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.11.017.
 
[14] S. Gorjian and B. Ghobadian, "Solar Desalination: A Sustainable Solution to Water Crisis in Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 48, pp. 571-584, 2015/08/01/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.009.
 
[15] D. W. Bian et al., "Optimization and Design of a Low-cost, Village-scale, Photovoltaic-powered, Electrodialysis Reversal Desalination System for Rural India," Desalination, Vol. 452, pp. 265-278, 2019/02/15/ 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.09.004.
 
[16] R. B. Saffarini, E. K. Summers, H. A. Arafat, and J. H. Lienhard V, "Technical Evaluation of Stand-alone Solar Powered Membrane Distillation Systems," Desalination, Vol. 286, pp. 332-341, 2012/02/01/ 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.044.
 
[17] P. T. Tsilingiris, "The Analysis and Performance of Large-scale Stand-alone Solar Desalination Plants," Desalination, Vol. 103, No. 3, pp. 249-255, 1995/12/01/ 1995, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(95)00077-1.
 
[18] D. Hoffman, "The Application of Solar Energy for Large-scale Seawater Desalination," Desalination, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 115-183, 1992/12/01/ 1992, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(92)80099-U.
 
[19] P. Glueckstern, "Potential Uses of Solar Energy for Seawater Desalination," Desalination, Vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 11-20, 1995/03/01/ 1995, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(95)00003-K.
 
[20] S. Kalogirou, "Use of  Parabolic trough Solar Energy Collectors for Sea-water Desalination," Applied Energy, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 65-88, 1998/06/01/ 1998, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-2619(98)00018-X.
 
[21] F. Trieb and H. Müller-Steinhagen, "Concentrating Solar Power for Seawater Desalination In the Middle East and North Africa," Desalination, Vol. 220, No. 1, pp. 165-183, 2008/03/01/ 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.030.
 
[22] F. Trieb et al., "Combined Solar Power and Desalination Plants for the Mediterranean Region Sustainable Energy Supply using Large-scale Solar Thermal Power Plants," Desalination, Vol. 153, No. 1, pp. 39-46, 2003/02/10/ 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01091-3.
 
[23] F. Trieb, H. Müller-Steinhagen, J. Kern, J. Scharfe, M. Kabariti, and A. Al Taher, "Technologies for Large Scale Seawater Desalination using Concentrated Solar Radiation," Desalination, Vol. 235, No. 1, pp. 33-43, 2009/01/15/ 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.04.098.
 
[24] P. Palenzuela, D.-C. Alarcón-Padilla, and G. Zaragoza, "Large-scale Solar Desalination by Combination with CSP: Techno-economic Analysis of Different Options for the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Gulf," Desalination, Vol. 366, pp. 130-138, 2015/06/15/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.12.037.
 
[25] C. Li, Y. Goswami, and E. Stefanakos, "Solar Assisted Sea Water Desalination: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 19, pp. 136-163, 2013/03/01/ 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.059.
 
[26]      M. R. Qtaishat and F. Banat, "Desalination by Solar Powered Membrane Distillation Systems," Desalination, Vol. 308, pp. 186-197, 2013/01/02/ 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.01.021.
 
[27] M. Shatat, M. Worall, and S. Riffat, "Opportunities for Solar Water Desalination Worldwide: Review," Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 9, pp. 67-80, 2013/12/01/ 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.03.004.
[28] F. Suárez, J. A. Ruskowitz, A. E. Childress, and S. W. Tyler, "Understanding the Expected Performance of Large-scale Solar Ponds from Laboratory-scale Observations and Numerical Modeling," Applied Energy, Vol. 117, pp. 1-10, 2014/03/15/ 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.12.005.
 
[29] F. Suárez, J. A. Ruskowitz, A. E. Childress, and S. W. Tyler, "Understanding the Expected Performance of Large-scale Solar Ponds from Laboratory-scale Observations and Numerical Modeling," Applied Energy, Vol. 117, pp. 1-10, 2014/03/15/ 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.12.005.
 
[30] A. H. Elsheikh, S. W. Sharshir, M. Abd Elaziz, A. E. Kabeel, W. Guilan, and Z. Haiou, "Modeling of Solar Energy Systems using Artificial Neural Network: A Comprehensive Review," Solar Energy, Vol. 180, pp. 622-639, 2019/03/01/ 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.037.
 
[31] I. B. Askari and M. Ameri, "Solar Rankine Cycle (SRC) Powered by Linear Fresnel Solar Field and Integrated with Multi Effect Desalination (MED) System," Renewable Energy, Vol. 117, pp. 52-70, 2018/03/01/ 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.033.
 
[32] D. Manolakosa, G. Papadakisa, Essam Sh. Mohameda, S. Kyritsisa, K. Bouzianas, Design of an Autonomous Low-temperature Solar Rankine Cycle System for Reverse Osmosis Desalination, Desalination 183 (2005) 73–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.044.
 
[33] A. M. Delgado-Torres and L. García-Rodríguez, "Double Cascade Organic Rankine Cycle for Solar-driven Reverse Osmosis Desalination," Desalination, Vol. 216, No. 1, pp. 306-313, 2007/10/05/ 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.017.
 
[34] J. C. Bruno, J. López-Villada, E. Letelier, S. Romera, and A. Coronas, "Modelling and Optimisation of Solar Organic Rankine Cycle Engines for Reverse Osmosis Desalination," Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 17, pp. 2212-2226, 2008/12/01/ 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.12.022.
 
[35] G. Kosmadakis, D. Manolakos, S. Kyritsis, and G. Papadakis, "Economic Assessment of a Two-stage Solar Organic Rankine Cycle for Reverse Osmosis Desalination," Renewable Energy, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1579-1586, 2009/06/01/ 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.11.007.
 
[36] B. F. Tchanche, G. Lambrinos, A. Frangoudakis, and G. Papadakis, "Exergy Analysis of Micro-organic Rankine Power Cycles for a Small Scale Solar Driven Reverse Osmosis Desalination System," Applied Energy, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 1295-1306, 2010/04/01/ 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.07.011.
 
[37] A. S. Nafey, M. A. Sharaf, and L. García-Rodríguez, "Thermo-economic Analysis of a Combined Solar Organic Rankine Cycle-reverse Osmosis Desalination Process with Different Energy Recovery Configurations," Desalination, Vol. 261, No. 1, pp. 138-147, 2010/10/15/ 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.05.017.
 
[38] S. Karellas, K. Terzis, and D. Manolakos, "Investigation of an Autonomous Hybrid Solar Thermal ORC–PV RO Desalination System. The Chalki Island Case," Renewable Energy, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 583-590, 2011/02/01/ 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.07.012.
[39] B. Peñate and L. García-Rodríguez, "Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Driven by a Solar Organic Rankine Cycle: Design and Technology Assessment  for Medium Capacity Range," Desalination, Vol. 284, pp. 86-91, 2012/01/04/ 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.08.040.
 
[40] C. Li, G. Kosmadakis, D. Manolakos, E. Stefanakos, G. Papadakis, and D. Y. Goswami, "Performance Investigation of Concentrating Solar Collectors Coupled with a Transcritical Organic Rankine Cycle for Power and Seawater Desalination Co-generation," Desalination, Vol. 318, pp. 107-117, 2013/06/03/ 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.026.
 
[41] H. Mokhtari, H. Ahmadisedigh, and I. Ebrahimi, "Comparative 4E Analysis for Solar Desalinated Water Production by Utilizing Organic Fluid and Water," Desalination, Vol. 377, pp. 108-122, 2016/01/01/ 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.09.014.
 
[42] A. Nemati, M. Sadeghi, and M. Yari, "Exergoeconomic Analysis and Multi-objective Optimization of a Marine Engine Waste Heat Driven RO Desalination System Integrated with an Organic Rankine Cycle using Zeotropic Working Fluid," Desalination, Vol. 422, pp. 113-123, 2017/11/15/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.08.012.
 
[43] E. A. Chadegani, M. Sharifishourabi, and F. Hajiarab, "Comprehensive Assessment of a Multi-generation System Integrated with a Desalination System: Modeling and Analysing," Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 174, pp. 20-32, 2018/10/15/ 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.011.
 
[44] M. Asayesh, A. Kasaeian, and A. Ataei, "Optimization of a Combined Solar Chimney for Desalination and Power Generation," Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 150, pp. 72-80, 2017/10/15/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.006.
 
[45] B. Du et al., "Area Optimization of Solar Collectors for Adsorption Desalination," Solar Energy, Vol. 157, pp. 298-308, 2017/11/15/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.08.032.
 
[46] Y. Du, L. Xie, J. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, and S. Wang, "Multi-objective Optimization of Reverse Osmosis Networks By Lexicographic Optimization and Augmented Epsilon Constraint Method," Desalination, Vol. 333, No. 1, pp. 66-81, 2014/01/15/ 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.10.028.
 
[47] A. M. Nabati, M. S. sadeghi, S. N. Naserabad, H. Mokhtari, and S. izadpanah, "Thermo-economic Analysis for Determination of Optimized Connection between Solar Field and Combined Cycle Power Plant," Energy, Vol. 162, pp. 1062-1076, 2018/11/01/ 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.047.
 
[48] R. Forristall, "Heat Transfer Analysis and Modeling of a Parabolic trough Solar Receiver Implemented in Engineering Equation Solver Book," National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO.(US), 2003. http://www.osti.gov/bridge.
 
[49] Bejan A, Tsatsaronis G, Moran M. Thermal Design and Optimization. New York: Wiley; 1996.
 
[50] H. Mokhtari, A. Esmaieli, and H. Hajabdollahi, "Thermo‐economic Analysis and Multiobjective Optimization of Dual Pressure Combined Cycle Power Plant with Supplementary Firing," Heat Transfer—Asian Research, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 59-84, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/htj.21153.
 
[51] M. Ameri, H. Mokhtari, and M. Bahrami, "Energy, Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Environmental (4E) Optimization of a Large Steam Power Plant: A Case Study," Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 11-20, 2016/03/01 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-016-0002-z.
 
[52] H. Mokhtari, H. Ahmadisedigh, and M. Ameri, "The Optimal Design and 4E Analysis of Double Pressure HRSG Utilizing Steam Injection for Damavand Power Plant," Energy, Vol. 118, pp. 399-413, 2017/01/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.064.
 
[53] M. Ameri, H. Mokhtari, and M. Mostafavi Sani, "4E Analyses And Multi-objective Optimization of Different Fuels Application for a Large Combined Cycle Power  Plant," Energy, Vol. 156, pp. 371-386, 2018/08/01/ 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.039.
 
[54] B. Golkar et al., "Determination of Optimum Hybrid Cooling Wet/Dry Parameters and Control System in Off Design Condition: Case Study," Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 149, pp. 132-150, 2019/02/25/ 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.12.017.
 
[55] H. Mokhtari, M. Sepahvand, and A. fasihfar, "Thermoeconomic and Exergy Analysis in using Hybrid Systems (GT+MED+RO) for Desalination of Brackish Water in Persian Gulf," Desalination, Vol. 399, pp. 1-15, 2016/12/01/ 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.07.044.
 
[56] M. H. Beni et al., "Water-energy Nexus Approach for Optimal Design of Hybrid Cooling System in Direct Reduction of  Iron Plant," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 287, p. 125576, 2021/03/10/ 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125576.
 
[57] E. Bellos and C. Tzivanidis, "Assessment of the Thermal Enhancement Methods in Parabolic trough Collectors," International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 59-70, 2018/03/01 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-017-0255-3.
 
[58] E. Macchi and M. Astolfi, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Power Systems: Technologies and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, 2016. EBook ISBN: 9780081005118.

  • Receive Date 27 June 2022
  • Revise Date 03 March 2023
  • Accept Date 26 November 2023